考试介绍
考试科目 | 题目数量 | 题目类型 | 考试时间 | 做题时间 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Analytical Writing 分析性写作 | 1篇 | 论证分析写作 | 30min | / |
Integrated Reasoning 综合推理 | 12题 | 图表解读 二段式分析 表格分析 多源推理 | 30min | 2min30s/题 |
Quantitative 定量推理 | 31题 | 数据充分性分析/DS 问题求解/PS | 62min | 2min/题 |
Verbal 文本逻辑推理 | 36题 | 阅读理解Reading Comprehension 批判性推理Critical Reasoning 句子改错Sentence Correction | 65min | 1min45s/题 |
考试科目 | 题目数量 | 做题计划 |
---|---|---|
Problem Solving | 262 | 20道每天, 14天,每天40min |
Data sufficiency | 240 | 20道每天,12天,每天40min |
Critical Reasoning | 166 | 12道每天,15天,每天21min |
Reading Comprehension | 159 | 11道每天,15天,每天20min |
Sentence Correction | 178 | 12道每天,15天,每天21min |
Critical Reasoning
简介
- P-Premise: 用来支持结论的成立,相对客观、具体
- C-Conclusion: 被其他内容所支持,论述的终点,相对主观、抽象、可预期
做题步骤
- 审题干: Key words + 对象(主动阅读文章)
- 读文章: reasoning line
- P —— C
- Plan —— Goal
- 答案方向预测
- 削弱:P -x- C
- 假设:取非削弱:P -x- C
- 评价:是否削弱
- 加强:P —— C✅
- 解释:解释两件矛盾的事件发生
- 归纳:文章支持选项
- 填空:90% 解释
- 句子作用
- 选项筛选
- 初筛:答案方向
- 精筛:回看文章细节
- 结论/目标限定文章讨论范围
- 前提已说细节/前提不能重复/反驳/反问
- 做题原则
- 尽量减少生活常识的过多使用(选项对比原则)
- 尽量保证推理范围的一致
- 注意区分绝对概念和相对概念(但凡出现即错)
文章内容常考点
- 进出口
- S < D 进口, price up
- S > D 出口, price down
- 人才
- S < D 工资 up: 人才短缺(找工作简单)
- S > D 工资 down: 人才过剩(找工作难)
- 利润,收入,成本
- profit = revenue - cost(financial benefit)
- revenue(dollar sales/sales revenue): 不考虑成本
- 供应链 生产商(whole sale price) —— 分销商(retail price) —— 消费者
- 总量 = 均量 * 数量
- 总量:overall/as a whole/total
- 均量:per/per capital/average
- 数量:number/population
- 其他细节:
- percentage ≠ number
- 文章没有对比,选项出现对比的可能性较低
- 文章有变化,选项一般也在描述变化
做题方法
削弱题
- Key words weaken, undermine, cast doubt, argue, counter, challenge, refute, call …… into question, drawback, flaw, criticism, reasoning error
- Typical Questions Which of the following indicates a flaw in the reasoning above? Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
- 做题步骤
- 先审题干: key words(题目要求);对象
- expectation 主动阅读:P —— C
- 预测答案方向:P✅ —— C❌
- 答案筛选:
- 错误:反/无
- 正确
文章结构 说明 正确答案逻辑 conditional argument condition —— expectation 结合前提 + 削弱结论 causal argument phenomenon —— explanation 反例
他因
因果倒置plan —— goal plan —— goal Goal 不可达
Plan 有副作用
Plan 不可行
假设题
文章结论成立的必要条件:必要性 + 条件
- Key words assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on, require
- Typical Questions Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends? The conclusion reached by the personnel officer depends on which of the following assumption?
- 做题步骤
Not + Weaken (正确选项 80% 为否定句)
- 审题干:Keyword + 对象
- 读文章:主动阅读
- P —— C
- conditional: condition —— expectation
- casual: phenomenon —— explanation
- Plan —— Goal
- P —— C
- 预测答案方向:取非选项,削弱结论,即为正确选项
- 选项筛选
- a. 先看否定选项(主句含有否定词:nothing, few):去掉 NOT —— 削弱
- b. 再看肯定选项:+NOT —— 削弱
- not weaken:必要但不充分
- typical answer set a bridge between premise & conclusion(文章较短 3 行 + 原题描述有漏洞):充分且必要
评价题
- Key words evaluate, determine, appraisal, assess
- Typical Questions Which of the following would be most useful to evaluate the argument?
- 做题步骤
- 定义:正确答案是决定结论成立与否的关键性问题
- 定位
- Whether + 削弱 90%
- Whether + 加强 10%
- 验证是否存在相反的影响
- 是, (-)/(+)
- 否, (+)/(-)
文章结构 | 说明 | 正确答案逻辑 |
---|---|---|
conditional argument | condition –> expectation 因 – >果 | 反问 weaken |
causal argument | phenomenon –> explanation 果 – >因 | 1. 对照组实验是否一致: 1) 1个变量-实验组对照组; 2) 2个变量-控制其中一个变量(e.g. E1) a. 结果无影响(E1) b. 结果有影响(E2) 2. 是否有他因 3. 是否因果倒置 |
plan –> goal | plan –> goal | Goal 是否可达 Plan 是否有副作用 Plan 是否可行 |
加强题
- Key words support, strengthen, justify 选项 support 文章为加强;文章 support 选项为归纳
- Typical Questions Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim above? Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the second sentence?
- 做题步骤
文章结构 | 正确答案逻辑 |
---|---|
Argument | A. citing examples摆事实 1) positive 正例,榜样 a. 不同个体重现相同逻辑 b.有因有果 2)negative 反面教材 a. 无因无果 b. 双重否定表强调 B. Providing additional information to explain讲道理 |
Plan——Goal | 1)目标可行 2)无副作用 3)手段可行 |
- provided 出现在句首 = if
- Plan——Goal:方案对比(most, only)的选项通常不予考虑,文章结论存在对比,选项才能对比
解释题
- Key words explain, reason(找原因), account for(解释/占比), provide a rationale for(提供理由), reconcile the discrepancy(解决悖论), paradox, justify(使合理), justification(理由,原因)
- Typical Questions Which of the following, if true, best explains the reason for the apparent discrepancy described above? Which of the following, if true, would help resolve the apparent paradox presented above?
- 做题步骤
- explain a phenomenon
- explain a surprising result: A …… however/yet/but B ……
归纳题
- Key words support, conclude/conclusion, infer, imply(推断), must be true 文章 support 选项为归纳
- Typical Questions Which of the following must be true on the basis of the statements above? Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above? Which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn from the information above?
- 做题步骤
- 文字信息归纳:
- 正确 + 全面 > 不全面 + 可推正确
- 选项尽可能包括更多的文章信息
- 数字信息归纳
- 大小关系
- 公式关系:A+B = C
- 百分比(percentage) = 分子/分母
- 对比关系
- 时间变化:维度变化时不同物体做对比
- 表格变化
- 文字信息归纳:
句子作用题
- 如何识别句子作用题 bold face,有黑体加粗——问 role 文章都是复杂的 argument, 而不是 fact set
- 做题步骤
- 先看黑体字,找到关联词(结论引导词、因果关联词、转折关联词)
- 根据关联词,初步判断
- 黑体字与黑字体的关系
- 黑体字与结论的关系
- 阅读文章内容(高效:思考功能)
- 着重阅读黑体字及前后句,在能够确定功能的前提下可跳读内容
- 选项筛选:排错法:排除硬伤错误选项
- 是什么:n. 判断主客观,不需要翻译
- 客观词:fact, truth, discovery, finding, statistics, observation
- 主观词:大多数抽象名词(因为是由人进行抽象,所以也算主观词),claim, contention, position, judgment, prediction
- 干了什么(主要考点):通过句间关系描述句子功能
- 黑与黑
- 黑与结论
- conclusion: 描述关系,存在推理过程,被支持
- main conclusion: 有且只有一个,文章的重点
- 绝对不可能 support 其他内容
- 绝对不可能被反驳
- 是什么:n. 判断主客观,不需要翻译
Reading Comprehension
简介
4篇文章:2短2长或3短1长
文章类型 | 字数 | 题目数量 | 题库题量 |
---|---|---|---|
短文章 | 220字左右 | 4题 | 8-12题 |
长文章 | 350字左右 | 3题 | 6-8题 |
阅读时间分配
文章类型 | 总占用时间 | 读文章时间 | 做题时间 |
---|---|---|---|
短文章 | 6-7分钟/篇 | 3.5-4分钟/篇 | 2-2.5分钟/篇 |
长文章 | 8-9分钟/篇 | 5分钟 | 3-4分钟/篇 |
阅读方法
S1: 单句阅读:单句功能 S2: 句间关系:顺转让比 S3: 文章层次:主线+结构
单句阅读
单句阅读原则:语言能力:方向
分析句子结构,从而正确理解含义(强调动词/形容词,弱化名词)
单句阅读原则:逻辑能力:单句功能
- s1: 观点 or 事实
- s2: 观点(视角):引用观点 or 作者观点
对新观点敏感,养成出现新观点就判断视角的习惯
- 引用观点:
- sb. + 表观点的动词:theorize, assert, argue, claim, contend, make a point, hypothesize, attribute to, 叙实类动词:know, reveal, find, discover
- 被动表达:is has been said that; it is believed; A is attributed to B
- 名词化表达:a view/belief/consensus that
- 动词 + as:regard/view/see/describe/characterize A as B
- 作者观点:
- 转折词 + 事实类信息
- 句子内部有情感色彩词:useful, successful, proper etc.
- 出现新观点,新观点无特征(不满足引用观点的标志
- 引用观点:
句间关系-句子功能题
解题步骤:定位——判断句间关系——预期答案方向/pattern——找对应选项
- 展开
- 为前面的观点提供支持/服务
- Key pattern: support the previous view
- Tip: 尝试描述例子的选项常为错误选项
- 推论
- 基于前文信息得到结论
- Key pattern: draw a conclusion/implication/significance of the previous phenomenon
- 原因
- 为前文找解释
- Key pattern: point out a reason/explanation/cause of the previous phenomenon
- 结果
- 前文所带来的后果/影响
- Key pattern: point out the result/impact/effect/consequence/ramification of the previous phenomenon
- 引出
- 介绍/引出文章 topic
- Key pattern: introduce the topic/information that the passage will further discussed in the following passage
转折
- 观点转折
- 讨论对象不变,视角发生变化
- Key pattern: challenge/counter/undermine/weaken/cast doubt on/run contrary to/qualify the previous view
- Tip: 要明确原文中的争论点(转折前后挑反义信息验证转折逻辑)
- 方向转折
- 没有否定之前,只是讨论重心的转变
- Key pattern: turn the topic; point out the information/topic that will be further explored in the following passage
让步
句内标志词: although, though, even though/as/if, despite, in spite of, while, for all 句间标志词:It is true that; Granted; True; Of course; Certainly; Surely; Admittedly; sb. admit/accept/concede/acknowledge
- 妥协
- 承认对立面的观点其实也是有一些合理的地方
- Key pattern: concede the validity of the opposing viewpoint
- 构成怪事
- 违背预期
- Key pattern: explain why the following fact is surprising
比较
- 类比
- A ≈ B
- 类比标志词:be similar to/be analogous to/as though/as if/no difference
- Key pattern: illustrate A
- 常见干扰选项:indicate that A shares similarities with B
- 对比
- 对比标志词:whereas, rather than, compared to
- Key pattern
- make distinctions between A and B
- emphasize the uniqueness of A
- Tip: 判断 A 与 B 谁是主体/主要讨论对象
信息定位-细节题
- 解题步骤
- 题目特点:题干无标志,针对原文细节进行提问
- 考察本质:语言+逻辑
- 解题步骤
- s1: 分析题干(找 key word)
- s2: 原文定位/明确答案方向
- s3: 选项辨析
- 题干分析
- 明确讨论/提问对象:低频次(可定位)/高频词(不可定位)
- 逻辑关系提示词
- 因果:explain, cause, effect/impact
- 观点转折:A disagree with B regard ……/A and B disagree with
- 视角提示(多观点)
- 引用 (sb.)
- 作者(author, passage states/suggests)
- 选项辨析
- 混:信息杂糅
- 有关信息 + 无关信息
- 有关概念 + 无关逻辑(高频误选项)
- 偏:名词范围
- 以偏概全——白马非马
- 反:对象间关系
- A+B,选项A-B
- A to B,选项 B to A
- 无:不在定位范围
- 混:信息杂糅
主线抓取-主旨题
- 主线抓取原则
根据句间关系,判断句子功能的重要性,从而决定是否影响文章主线
- 单句功能:观点 or 事实 —— 观点影响主线(注重新观点出现)
- 句间关系:
- 顺承:推论,观点性的原因结果影响主线
- 转折
- 观点转折:新老观点都是主线
- 方向转折:转折后是主线
- 让步:不影响主线
- 比较:两个主要讨论对象的对比影响主线
- 选项辨析
- 动词
必须是作者发出
- 中性词:present, discuss, summarize, consider-弱词
- 适合条件:无作者/有作者
- 有情感色彩的词-强词
- propose, argue: 作者自己提观点
- argue for/argue in favor of(作者支持别人) = support, confirm
- argue against(作者反对别人) = counter, undermine, challenge, qualify = limit
- evaluate(支持 or 反对) = assess, analyze
- defend: 作者支持一个被攻击过的观点
- reconcile: debate: 作者认为争论双方都有道理,给了折中
- resolve: problem: 作者给出 definitive solution
- synthesize: combine different component as whole
- revise/correct/remedy: 作者攻击引用观点,然后提出新观点
- compare/contrast:
- 文章需满足条件:作者无态度 + 双主体
- 中性词:present, discuss, summarize, consider-弱词
- 抽象名词
- 观点类:view, assertion, argument, contention, theory, hypothesis, interpretation, position, point, perspective, understanding
- 证据类:study, evidence, research, basis, ground
- 事实/现象:event, discovery, phenomenon, fact
- 解释/原因:reason, cause, explanation
- 结果:result, consequence, ramification, impact, effect
- 其他:solution, methodology, ideology
- 具体名词
- 必须是文章主要讨论对象,不能是细节
- Tip:注意名词范围
- 动词
必须是作者发出
加强削弱题
- Type1
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen/weaken the argument in the passage?
- 解题步骤
- 定位 argument
- 找到与 argument 相关的 evidence
- 直接取反 evidence
- Tip: 如果不存在 evidence, 可直接取反 argument(结论)
- 解题步骤
- Type2
If sth. in the passage were false, which of the following would likely to happen?
- 解题步骤
- 定位原文中的 sth. 并找到它的 result
- 题干:sth. x
- 选项:x result —— 取反原文中本来有的结果
- 解题步骤
- Type3
Which of the following, if true/false, would most weaken sth. in the passage
- 解题步骤
- 定位 sth.(机制/过程:A——B——C——D)
- 任意削弱其中一个环节即可:xA/xB/xC 前提:整体机制(强调动词及关系,弱化名词)
- 解题步骤
类比题
- Type: Which of the following is most similar to the situation in the passage?
- 选项特点:选项讨论对象/背景与原文无关
- 解题步骤
- 明确类比对象
- 梳理原文概念间的关系
- 选项辨析 - 与原文关系保持一致
态度题
- 题目介绍
- 题目特点
- 题干:刻画 author 观点
- 选项:短;有态度词
- 解题关键:读文章时需识别作者态度,辨析选项态度类型
- 态度类型辨析
- 负态度:unjustified, unnecessary, skeptical, flawed, ambiguous, arbitrary(= random, despotic)
- 正态度:warranted, pragmatic(=practical)
- 混合态度-偏正:well founded though incomplete; partially correct; useful though limited; qualified approval
- 混合态度-偏负:plausible but poorly substantiated; useful but limited
- 题目特点
信息提取
- 信息提取原则:active reading
- 预判句子方向(判断方式:逻辑连接词,新人物等)
- 挑信息验证,使句间关系合理
- 明确句子功能
Sentence Correction
做题步骤
- 看文本
- 判断原句是否正确
题型分类
句子结构
简单句
读选项需要先找到句子的主谓结构 doing/done/to do 不能单独用作谓语动词
并列句
- 并列连词:Fanboys
连词 | 作用 |
---|---|
for | 因为 |
and | 联结各种形式的平行结构 |
nor | 也不 |
but | 联结各种形式的平行结构 |
or | 联结各种形式的平行结构 |
yet | +句子 |
so | +句子 |
- 并列句正确形式
- SVO; SVO
- SVO, conj. SVO
- 并列句错误形式
- SVO, SVO
- SVO, adv. SVO
- adv.: however, therefore, thereby, thus(因此), rather(而是), also, then 副词不改变句子结构,只起到修饰作用
主从复合句
名词性从句:充当 n. 使用
- 主语从句:That he got 800 in GMAT shocked me.
- 宾语从句:He told me that he got 800 in GMAT.
- 表语从句:The shocking new is that he got 800 in GMAT.
- 同位语从句:The news that he got 800 in GMAT shocked me.
- 同位语从句和定语从句的区别:that 是否在从句中充当成分
- 三类引导词
引导词 that whether 特殊引导词: what, when, where, who, why, how 定语从句:修饰名词,相当于形容词
- 定语从句的引导语在从句中必须充当成分
- 定语从句的引导词在从句中作宾语时可以省略 That is the very book that has been translated into 100 languages.(作主语) That is the very book (that) he translated into French from Italian.(作宾语)
状语从句:修饰动词或整个句子,相当于副词 状语从句引导词体现主句和从句的逻辑关系
题目常见错误类型
缺少谓语动词 两动词之间缺少连词 两分句之间缺少连词 缺少主句 主语重复
做题 note
- 名词 + V-ed 的判断
- 主动 V-ed 是谓语动词
- 被动
- be done 被动语态
- done 过去分词修饰名词
- 介词 + n. 是修饰成分 介词 + n. = 介词短语 表达完整的含义,是修饰成分
- -……-中间是插入语,修饰成分
- 前后主语一致可以省略主语
主谓一致
主语和谓语逻辑上要一致
- ❌ The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
- ✅ Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
准确找到句子主语与谓语:看清修饰语(可抛弃部分)
(修饰)S(修饰)V
- S + (prep. + n.) + V
- S + 定语从句 + V
- S, (插入语), + V
- S (doing/done/to do) + V e.g. A boy (who is) called 小明.
And 与附加短语
- A and B 表示符合含义,谓语动词用复数形式 Determination, persistence and patience are key factors to success.
- 附加短语 Additive phrases:本质是修饰成分,谓语动词单复数由主语决定,与附加短语无关 together with, in addition to, accompanied by, along with, as well as, including
就近原则
- either …… or ……/neither …… nor ……/or
- Either Hugh or his friends are going to the beach. Either his friends or Hugh himself is going to the beach
集合名词:谓语动词用单数
- people: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra(管弦乐队), team
- items: baggage, citrus(柑橘), equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
every 与 each
- Every wolf has slender legs. Every two wolves share a room.
- Each wolf has slender legs. Each of these wolves has slender legs.
- They each have slender legs. each 是修饰成分, They have 主谓一致
量词
- 量词当主语时,谓语动词的单复数由量词决定 A line of trees stands alongside the trill.
- 表示数量的词当主语时,谓语动词的单复数由核心名词决定
- some, any, none, all, more, most, majority, minority, plurality 后面可接可数名词或不可数名词,这些词不代表具体的含义,所以真正的主语是其所修饰的名词
- The majority of the students in this class are hard workers. Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.
主语短语或主语从句
- 谓语动词用单数
- Reading on the subway is a common. Phenomenon in large cities Whatever you do is fine with me
倒装句
- 部分倒装:特殊副词位于句首时,助动词提前 only, so, no, not, seldom, rarely, not only Only in this way can I get into Harvard.
- 完全倒装:主谓颠倒顺序:(修饰)谓(修饰)主 Just around the corner are a bakery and a florist.
做题 note
- date
- 人 date sth. at + years old = “鉴定年代”
- sth. date to/date back/date back to/date from + 过去时间 = “源自”
平行结构
平行的含义
平行的部分必须含义相当,结构相似 表象:词性相同;本质:语法功能相同(难题仅凭词性难以判断)
平行结构标志词及平行成分
- open markers
- and, or, but, rather than, as well as
- 判断:寻找平行项
- 句意
- 逗号 - 词的平行 - 2 个平行:不用, A and B - 3 个平行:A, B, and C - 并列句: A, and B - 从句/分词平行:, 可有可无
- 省略
- 平行结构中的 to do/can do/would do/will do/have done (情态动词/助动词)可以省略
- 从第二项开始形式要一致
- to do A and (to) do B
- to do A, (to) do B, and (to) do C
- 副词:带有逻辑含义的平行
- …… and then ……
- …… and thus ……
- …… and therefore ……
- closed markers:严格平行,平行的2项形式完全一致
- both …… and ……
- either …… or ……
- not …… but ……
- neither …… nor ……
- not only …… but also ……
- not only/just …… but(also) ……
- not only …… but …… as well
- ❌ not …… but also ……
- ❌ …… but also ……
复杂的平行
A, B and C, and D
做题 note
- 定语从句不可跳过动词修饰主语
- then adv. 结构上不改变句子结构,只起到修饰作用
比较结构
比较的含义
比较的双方含义对等,结构相同,要有可比性
比较标志词
- like/unlike:接名词或名词短语,与句子主语相比较
- like A, B do C. = B, like A, do C
- Unlike A, B do C
- In contrast to A, B do C
- as/whereas:后接句子,主句与从句相同的成分相比较
- as A do, B do. = Just as A do, (so) B do.
- 短语
- more …… than ……
- as …… as ……
- the same …… as ……
- not as …… as …… /not so …… as ……
- compared with
- as compared to
- comparable to
比较结构中的倍数表达
- The room is twice bigger than that one.
- This room is twice as big as that one.
- The area of circle A is twice the area of circle B./ …… twice that of circle B. twice + 名词
- The area of circle A doubles that of circle B. double(v.) + 名词
比较结构的省略
主语比较时,如果句子有歧义,则需要补出助动词来消除歧义
- 助动词与前面的动词形式相对应 be/do
- 助动词的时态与单复数应使用正确
- 助动词可以倒装
状语比较时,介词需要保留 两个句子比较时,主句相同的成分相比较,修饰成分可以不同
- 步骤
- S1 先看比较结构标志词 “than” 或第二个 “as”
- S2 再看 “than” 或第二个 “as” 后面的成分
- S3 在 “than” 或第二个 “as” 前面找与之相对应的成分
- 例子
- Mickey eats more than Minnie (eats/does). 主语
- Mickey eats more cheese than (Mickey/he eats) donuts. 宾语
- Mickey loves cheese more than Minnie. 有歧义
- Mickey loves cheese more than Minnie does.
- Mickey loves cheese more than (he) loves Minnie.
- Mickey is interested in cheese more than Minnie. 有歧义
- Mickey is interested in cheese more than Minnie is. 状语
- Mickey is more interested in cheese than Minnie. 有歧义
- Mickey is more interested in cheese than (he is) in Minnie. 状语
- Now I speak English better than I did when I was younger. 句子间比较
- Now I speak English better than when I was younger. 时间状语的比较
- I speak English better than I did when I was younger. 句子间比较
- I speak English better than when I was younger. ❌ 因为没有相比较的时间状语部分
做题 note
- as
- conj. 连词
- 后面接句子,表示时间或原因
- as A do, B do. as 后面接句子,两句话比较
- as …… as …… 第二个 as 引导比较状语从句(可省略),后面接各种形式
- pron. 代词:后面接不完整的句子 A is known to all, …… , as compared to ……
- prep. 介词:后面接名词,表示作为
- conj. 连词
- likely
- likely to do
- It is likely that ……
代词指代
代词指代的原则
代词不能指一件事
- 原则
- 代词应该指代名词性质的成分,不能指代形容词或一句话
- 代词与名词的单复数必须要一致
- 句中相同代词应该指代相同的内容(they, them, their, theirs, it, its)
- 代词与其指代的名词含义要一致
- 优先考虑
- 在相对主干上找指代(不跨分号)
- 主语对应找(前后主语指主语)
this/that/these/those(指示代词) vs. it/they/them(人称代词)
指示代词 + 名词 = 人称代词
- this/that/these/those 尽量不要单独当名词使用,可以修饰名词
- that/those 可以指代与先行词(前面指代的词)同名称的不同个体 The money spent by her is less than that spent by her children.
- 比较句中不同个体比较时用 that/those: 核心词(关键词)指代 the traffic 比较句中同一个个体比较时,用 it/they (不同时间的个体):完全指代(有修饰词)the traffic in Beijing
- It is a book.
- This is a book.❌ 尽量不选,“这”不明确
- This book is fascinating.✅
It 做形式主语或形式宾语
- 看到形式主语 it,要找到真正的主语:to do/主语从句(没有其他形式)
- 形式主语优于 to do 或主语从句作主语
修饰结构
形容词和副词
a rapid developing country ❌ a rapidly developing country ✅
- adj. —— n./pron.(代词)
- adv. —— anything but a noun/pron.
介词短语
prep. + n. e.g. A of B 介词短语, 知道其是修饰成分即可
- 修饰 n. A person next to me.
- 修饰 v. We are having a class in the classroom.
- 倒装:Just around the corner are a bakery and a florist.
分词或分词短语
doing(主动/伴随)/done(过去/被动)
- 分词作定语:名词
- SVO doing.
- SVO done. = SVO (that be) done.
- SVO, done. = SVO, (which be) done.
- SVO, doing(作状语)
- 分词作状语:动词
- 分词在句首:在句首的分词应该修饰主句的主语
- Doing, SVO.
- Done, SVO.
- 分词在句末: SVO, doing.
- 伴随状语
- doing 的主语与 V 的主语相同
- doing 修饰谓语动词 V, 是 V 的解释说明
- doing 与谓语动词同时发生,若逗号前是主系表结构,则 doing 是对主句进行解释说明
- 结果状语(一件事的结果)
- doing 的主语是 SVO
- 伴随状语
- 分词在句首:在句首的分词应该修饰主句的主语
定语从句
修饰就近的名词或名词短语
- A verb B that …… 定从可以修饰 B,不可以跳过 verb 修饰 A
- A verb B of C that …… (of C 是 B 的定语,of C 修饰 B) 定从可以修饰 C,也可以修饰 B of C, 不可以跳过 verb 修饰 A
- A verb that …… 定从修饰 A (没有宾语时)(少见)
- 引导词
- that:修饰物
- which:修饰物,前面必须有 “,” 或介词
- who:修饰人,主格
- whom:修饰人,宾格(介宾,动宾)
- whose:修饰人或物
- 非限定性定语从句 VS 限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句 | 限定性定语从句 |
---|---|
有 “,” | 无 “,” |
独一无二的 | 限定范围“这样的” |
描述 | 分类 |
non-essential modifier | essential modifier |
不必要信息 | 必要信息 |
状语从句
- 状语从句省略的形式:从句引导词 + doing/done/形容词短语/动词短语
- 状语从句省略的规则:主语和从句主语一致时可省略
- 省主语
- 省动词的形式
- 主动 moving: Before (he was) moving to NYC, he lived in Germany.
- 被动 moved: Before (he) moved to NYC, he lived in Germany.
同位语
- 名词作同位语:修饰就近的名词或名词短语
- S, 同位语, VO: A of B, 同位语, VO: 同位语既可以修饰 A 也可以修饰 B
- 同位语, SVO: 同位语, A of B, VO: 同位语只能修饰 A
- 同位语从句:抽象名词后优选同位语从句,不选介词短语
- 句末同位语:SVO, N(修饰)
- 解释",“前的一个名词
- 解释”,“前的一个短语
- 解释”,“前的一整句话
子集修饰语
all …… some ……
- ❌ This model explains all known atomic particles, some of them were recently discovered.
- ✅ This model explains all known atomic particles, some of which were recently discovered.(定从)
- ✅ This model explains all known atomic particles, some of them recently discovered. (独立主格)
- ✅ This model explains all known atomic particles, some recently discovered. (独立主格)
独立主格
- 表达句子的含义,但缺少谓语动词
- 对主句进行修饰和补充
- 独立主格部分的主语和主句的主语不相同
- I am singing in front of the whole class, with you dancing around me.(主语不一致的伴随)
- I am singing in front of the whole class, dancing.(主语一致的伴随)
做题 note
- A is to B what C is to D. A 之与 B 如同 C 之与 D。
动词
时态
状态/时间 | 一般式 | 进行式 | 完成式 | 完成进行式 |
---|---|---|---|---|
现在时 | do/does | have done | have been doing | |
过去时 | did | had done | ||
将来时 | will do | |||
过去将来时 | would do |
- 一般过去时
- 时间标志词
- ago 等时间副词
- in/at/during + 过去时间
- from …… to …… + 过去时间
- 时间标志词
- 现在完成时
- 时间标志词
- since + 过去时间
- in/within/during/over + the past/last/recent + 时间段
- 时间标志词
时态 | 过去 | 动作 |
---|---|---|
did | 动作发生在过去,与现在无关 | 只强调动作本身,不强调影响 |
have done | 过去发生的动作持续到现在 | 强调过去发生的动作时对现在的影响和状态 |
- 过去完成时
- 在句中见到 had done 要寻找
- 表示“过去之前已经”的时间标志词,如“by + 过去时间”
- did 与之比较先后顺序
- 在句中见到 had done 要寻找
- will do 和 would do
- 相同点:都表示“将要”
- 不同点:will 用于现在时的句子中,would 用于过去时的句子中
- have been doing 现在完成进行时
- 表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并且会持续到未来
- 时间标志词:与 have done 相同
虚拟语气
- 表示建议、命令、要求
- I required that you (should) go to Miami. I require that she (should) go to Miami.
- 表示建议、命令、要求的动词或名词
- 建议:suggest, recommend, propose
- 命令:command, mandate, order
- 要求:demand, require, request, ask
- 一般用法:
- request/ask/order + sb. + to do
- suggest/propose/recommend doing (不加人)
- 动词或名词后面 + that 从句,that 从句中 should 必须省略
- 表示假定或不真实的状态:if 条件句
- a. 真实条件句:主将从现
- If X does, Y will do.
- If I do, I will do.
- b. 客观事实,必然发生:主现从现
- If X does, Y does.
- c. 虚拟条件句
- 现在虚拟:主过从过:If X did, Y would do.
- 过去虚拟:If X had done, Y would have done.
- 将来虚拟:
- If X did, Y would do.
- If X should do, Y would do.
- If X were to do, Y would do.
- a. 真实条件句:主将从现